China Daily

Anyang tomb of true and false triggering a storm of Cao Cao.

Fudan University experts to respond to five major controversy two months, said the DNA test results are expected to be announced

2009 年 12 27, Anyang, Henan Province announced the discovery of the tomb of Cao Cao, but the tomb beyond recognition , broken bones incomplete Distinguishing true and false intensified. While Cao Cao's tomb when the puzzle into true and false, January 26, 2010, Department of History, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, announced, "to participate in the national assembly surnamed Cao, ran male Y chromosome detection", with DNA technical solutions, "Tomb of Cao Cao," the authenticity debate. Message 1, the parties continue to be doubt, Fudan University, the project's discussion group suddenly pushed to the cusp of public opinion.

reporter interviewed several times to the team of two experts - Professor of History Department of Fudan University, China Wei, vice president of Korean history? N and Associate Professor, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Fudan University Modern Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Anthropology project leader Li. Then followed the five big questions facing, what is the truth in the end?

and Li also disclosed to this reporter, DNA samples collected on July 15 Bian Qiang deadline. Will be followed by focus testing. He said the results are expected to be released in two months.

controversial one: DNA can be detected Cao Cao?

Response: family has a unique genetic code

"Cao, Fudan call you back test DNA!" - Have friends that jokingly Road. The discussion group practice, it is the most direct question, DNA testing is Kaopu?

this, Li explained the scientific principles which. Simply put, men have a paternal ancestor with the same genetic code, each family can find a unique SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms). In the process of human reproduction, Y chromosome is always passed down father and son, offspring could inherit a complete Y-chromosome parent trunk without mixed effects. Transfer in the course of father and son Daidaixiangcheng, Y chromosome will slowly accumulate change, its mutant form of the two major categories of individual differences is one of the SNP.

However, SNP mutation rate is very low, every 17 passages, only occur once, you can keep permanently in the offspring. The results show that each was born a man, a chromosomal location probability of occurrence of SNP mutations around 1/30000000, at the same point, again, the probability of a mutation in one 900,000,000,000,000, relative human population since ancient times , the probability of almost zero. Therefore, as long as man surnamed Cao test enough DNA, researchers should be able to find a unique family of Cao Cao SNP, before and "Cao Cao's Tomb" unearthed human bones in the Y chromosome DNA comparison between the simulation can be "either Cao Cao, or not Cao Cao "conclusion. The detection method is very simple, just extract 2 ml of blood can be detected.

controversy II: ancient DNA can be measured?

response: "Loulan Beauty" is proof

even if DNA testing is beautifully shy, but "Cao Cao" bones, two thousand years, how can they be detected? In this regard, Li said the lab has a very advanced ancient DNA analysis lab, in fact, that in the early 90s of last century mature, international 20 000 years has been able to carry out DNA analysis of bone. In 2007, Li's discussion group in a New Stone Age remains on the Y chromosome were successfully extracted. He told reporters, there is no need to worry about, "Cao Cao" remains contaminated by modern DNA, there is no need to worry about its dilapidated, because "if we get the bones, then bound to the surface cleaning, to clean the surface of DNA off, and then drill a small hole hidden location on the inside of the DNA analysis. unless the bone has broken into a powder, or dip completely rust off the inside after the destruction of the DNA, but the present point of view seems to be no photo this phenomenon. "

So, if the son of Cao Cao Cao directly get to do comparison testing of bone it is more able to identify parent-child identity, why turn it around big? For this statement, Li said: "This is not right. Ancient and modern DNA testing is completely different, ancient DNA can not use modern medical approach to detection, even got the bones of Cao Zhi, can not be used to identify Cao Cao's bones is not true. "In fact, in 1958, Cao Zhi bones unearthed in Shandong, has been missing.

In fact, DNA is not nothing new archeology. Back in 1980, Hunan Medical University of female body from Mawangdui extracted the DNA and RNA. From 2003 to 2005, the archaeologist in the Lop Nur Loulan cemetery excavated dozens of succession with Mummy, which attracted most attention is the "Loulan Beauty", from the physical characteristics of it, she is typical of the Nordic race. However, after DNA testing found that this is a typical Asian traits, thus determine the "Loulan Beauty" of Oriental origin.

controversial three: a speculation of a show?

response: DNA testing needed secondary archaeological evidence

Today, the research group has only terms with the Henan Anyang phone, the two sides on the DNA testing, "Cao Cao" skeleton matters have not substantial progress. Li said that this is because there is no need, "the first step, done in modern inside, may be the first to do after finished Cao associated with other ancient DNA analysis, a number of successful test results obtained after we could consider contact with the Henan cultural relics department, we must have a sample out before we can be so valuable to detect bone Cao Cao. "

so many friends and even experts come forward to shelling, said: "just a speculation of a show." In fact, Li Hui, who admits that, DNA testing is only an aid, it can only prove that the "Cao Cao" bones Is not the man surnamed Cao, the results also need to archaeological and historical perspective of mutual learning and demonstration. And South Korea? N that if DNA test results indicate that it is Cao, and burial age of the bones of the age, size and number of archaeological and historical evidence to corroborate, "Well, this tomb can be determined basically is Cao Cao." < / p>

for some users and experts blasted discussion group "speculation," Li said: "I want to emphasize that we are a kind of academic and public attitude of doing the responsible thing. Of course the other , I personally think that speculation is not really a bad thing, an important thing to be published in the media will certainly increase transparency in the future, which can increase some of the important events in the media monitoring capabilities. The final results, we will publish in the "Modern Anthropology of Communication" on. "

dispute 4: does not make sense of academic research?

response: to crack the human genetic pedigree history

for the discussion group's program, said many users were "mine to", that attempts to do so only "to the above 忽悠 1 large sums of money. " The Department of Immunology, Peking University, Dr. Wang Yuedan also blog, called "nonsense" of scientific research and even questioned the authenticity of this message: "A Key Laboratory of, but do this kind of research do not fly" ?

face of the many doubts, Li said: "That is totally from an outsider, and scientific point of view to comment." He told reporters that the laboratory has a program called the Genographic group plan is led by the National Geographic, IBM sponsored an international collaborative program is distributed in the world top 15 to participate in molecular anthropology lab, people around the world share of national family research tasks, outlined a very large global human development context of the lineage tree. This requires large-scale nationwide sample, representative of different surnames who conducted the analysis from beginning to end. Therefore, DNA verification is the tomb of Cao Cao very small part of the program, because just met, they start here to begin it. Li said the study not only of history but will contribute to research in natural science is also important - for example, how human evolution is carried out in the end, the evolution of the endemic family of diseases, epidemics occur in the end is how of? As for the sources of research funding issues, Li said, the key from the International Collaboration Project and Fudan University.

in Korea? N appears, through the DNA testing, the historian may be able to outline a whole new way of movement throughout the distribution of Cao Cao's family, but also obtain from the Historical Changes of the entire Chinese population The new interpretation. With the help of anthropologists, may have access to a number of outstanding historical issues answered.

dispute 5: Cao Cao Xiahou this name?

Response: In fact, from the father of Cao Cao Cao

according to historical records, the grandfather of Cao Cao Cao Tang, in the Eastern Han Dynasty official to the long autumn, as the head eunuch, a high ranking official Cao Cao's father Cao Song was his adopted son, so Cao Cao's true life experience has been widely relish. Written by Soochow "Cao hiding Biography" said the father of Cao Cao Cao Song for "Jaap's son, Jaap??? Rather floating L? Royalty??? Has value target in archery Paul?? Vegas? Huan jealous branded spear Finland ashamed thereupon ? counseling lazy P Angeles Ai shake yarn cakes Room Sang Han Rui Yi Chou arrest impaired twilight? frightened hunt benzyl DNA is not feasible.

this, South Korea? N explained: As a serious historian, Chen Shou The "Three Kingdoms" is not mentioned in Cao Cao is Jaap home, "Cao hiding Biography" is made by Cao Cao's rival Wu who, legend mostly components. Korea? N, said Cao Teng how high, and the old home from Qiao County, he son inherits official post fiefdoms, never casual. in accordance with the succession of cases had at that time the basic principles, of course, from the cases of his adoptive room. Korea? N survey found that Cao had from this case brothers and adoptive family tradition, it is entirely consistent with the Chinese family tradition adoptive principle. in Cao Cao's son, there are six had inherited cases of the examples, without exception, were removed and brother's son. Pi son, there are four adoptive example, are all from the brother's son . As Cao Cao third and fourth generation of adoptive cases, also, without exception, from the case.

reporter learned of the task group will also start collecting surnamed surnamed Cao, ran as a volunteer and Jaap who participate in DNA testing. Although the perspective of Korean history? N Cao Song has been ruled out from the adoptive family came Jaap, Jaap de Hoop Cao Cao is not a descendant, but he said: "The last depends on the teacher Li DNA test results. "

collected samples have passed 1000

results will be released within two months

so, what distribution of Cao Cao's descent Where? Korea? N said: "Through genealogical research, you can designate the descendants of the sampling closer to place of Cao Cao. "At present, Cao released a total of 275 bibliographic family tree, including the Shanghai Library collection 118. Korea? N and discussion group with other members of this" representative "of the 118 starting Cao genealogy, drawn out 1 "Cao distribution" - the ancient Han Cao, mainly in the local activities, called Pei Jun, which is now the north of Jiangsu, Anhui, part of Henan Province to Shandong border. reflect the situation from the family tree, then Cao has undergone a drastic move, the direction of the majority to go south, and is mainly distributed in the Yangtze River, such as Zhejiang Dongyang, Xiaoshan, Shaoxing, Yuyao, Jinhua, Jiangsu Yixing, Zhenjiang, Anhui Jing County, Shexian , Jixi, Hunan's Chenzhou, Yiyang and Changsha, as well as Shanghai.

12 Japan and South Korea? N told reporters that the current discussion group sent a number of supporting the working group in the country in dozens of samples were sampled , according to a new clue also adds many new samples, such as Guangdong Nanxiong so. He said, the research group will soon hold a press conference, a systematic presentation of research results.